National Museum of Korean Contemporary History

National Museum of Korean Contemporary History

http://www.much.go.kr/en/mainen.do

National Museum of Korean Contemporary History, opened in the winter of 2012, is right across from the Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul.

Its premises belonged to Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 

before the museum was established.

As a recently-built museum, it is very clean and well-designed.

Especially, Presidential Room, where visitors can sit on the chair, exhibits its geographical advantage well. 

Please, look at the following picture.

Through scenery from the window, visitors can see the Blue House(Korean presidential palace) behind the Gyeongbokgung Palace at the foot of Mt.Inwangsan

The museum covers Korean history from 1876 to the present day.

1876 was the year that the first modern international treaty for Joseon was signed with Japan, then Joseon gradually headed for a downfall.

Republic of Korea(South Korea) was established in 1948 after the liberation of 1945.

That was not an easy-going compromise, 

there had been a number of terrorism -sometimes resulted in slaughters of innocent people, for example, April Third Incident - between left and right wings since the liberation. 

If you like to learn more about this period, I'd like to recommend you look the webtoon titled 'Operation Chromite' (http://comics.nate.com/webtoon/detail.php?btno=55715)

This webtoon, focused on an ordinary family, has been published online and gained popularity from internet users.

Its cartoonist, Yoon Taeho, attained fame with previous webtoon titled 'Misaeng', which also converted into a movie afterwards.


Personally speaking, I was born in 1986.
The year I was born was the last period of Jeon Doowhuan who was the last dictator of South Korea.
There was an immense nationwide protest against his dictatorship throughout June of the following year(6월항쟁, 六月抗爭)
It is probably impossible for me to imagine how my parents endured that time.
They were a poor newly-wed in their late twenties, and had two babies to bring up.

Meanwhile, I am the very beneficiary of the miracle of Han River.
In 1988 when I was three, South Korea held the Seoul Olympic.
Industrialization that had been driven by the government since 1960s just started to get reward back to Koreans.

My generation was at the end of governmental oppression.
When I was in the lower grades in elementary school,
I did something like a mass game that was similar to that of the present North Korea
and also had to gather up in the school ground every monday morning in order to listen to principal's speech.

On the other hand, we were a generation of new flow.
Unlike our previous generation, we didn't pay attention to the ideology, right or left.
I am class of 05, we elected the first student representative who had no political preference and that was shock to our seniors.
In short, we were the first generation that derailed dichotomy whether right or left.
However, that didn't mean we made head against the existing rule.
We were more familiar with capital than ideology and politics.
That's the reason why we were the first students who accepted franchise stores on campus with no repulsion.
 



The museum is currently holding a special exhibition on Korean War(1950-1953)

the course of the Korean War

documents as a result of armistice agreement of Korean War

replicas are available for visitors to read

the inside of the special exhibition

the document of armistice agreement contains five representatives' autographs.

However, there were no name from South Korea, 

since Korean army was controlled by the US at those times.

That's why the Korean War is called a proxy war.

Even though Koreans have made numerous errors in our contemporary history, 

democratization and economic development have been substantially achieved. 

Still has a long way to go... 

So many open sores are left behind our rapid economic and political developments.

Sorok Island, Colony of a Colony

This is my statement of Youth Forum in which I participated on 24 July, 2013
The Youth Forum was one of the programs of the 5th International History NGOs Conference(http://www.historyngo.org/), and seven international students gave presentations on the theme of Regional Cooperation and Historical Reconciliation in East Asia

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Sorok Island, Colony of a Colony[1]

South Korea is currently one of advanced countries in the world, but the history Korea has gone through was by no means ‘smooth sailing’. The Joseon Dynasty, the last dynasty of Korea, was officially annexed to the Japanese Empire in 1910, and Japanese ruling had lasted until it surrendered to the Allied Forces in 1945. However, despite the liberation, Korea was divided into two parts along with the international circumstance of the Cold War, which led to Korean War(1950-1953). In the end, two Koreas were respectively established in the North and the South, and have been following different social and economic systems.

Thus, Korean modern history is too complicated to be told as a single story, since many different interests are entangled in the Korean modern history. Even though, Korean media reports dealing with historical issues are generally emotional and nationalistic. In particular, they tend to emphasis on brutalities of the Japanese Empire. Such a provocative media report is appealing to most Koreans, and Korean people’s animosity towards Japan becomes more expanded. This situation is believed to become much stronger in our society which brief and instant information is preferred. In this regard, the following story of Sorok Island will give a deeper insight on Korean modern history.

▲ the island had been absolutely isolated before a bridge was built in 2009 

Sorok Island, literally meaning of ‘little deer island’, is off the southwestern coast of Korea, and it has been a prime example of a leper colony of Korea since the Japanese Empire established it in 1916. Leprosy, known as Hansen’s Disease to Koreans, is a chronic infection caused by bacteria Mycobacterium Leprae discovered by the Norwegian physician Hansen. For decades, however, leprosy had commonly been believed to be highly infectious, and lepers have also received disdainful treatment from the general public because of its disfigured appearance. 

▲ a scene from movie 'Benhur'(1959)

mother and sister of the main character suffered from leprosy

▲ a scene from Korean TV drama 'Heojun'

the two films' huge success perpetuated the stigma associated with leprosy

However, leprosy is neither a highly contagious disease nor a genetic disease and it can be also cured with a sustained course of antibiotics, yet the island had been isolated before the building of a bridge connecting the island and the mainland in 2009. On the island, several old buildings including the only one Japanese shrine left in the Korean peninsula are well preserved for the purpose of history education.

         Most Korean social media reports show narrative style as follows[2]; Sorok island started its history of a leper colony under the Japanese Empire. The patients were forcibly ferried to the island from all over the Korean Peninsula, and compelled to be confined and sterilized to prevent leprosy from spreading. The buildings like an autopsy room, a sterilization room and a detention barrack still remain on the island, and show visitors how miserable their lives were.

▲ autopsy and sterilization were conducted in this building

 In addition to this, patients also had to labor from dawn to dusk. As the Pacific war was intensified, exploitation was getting more vicious to the island. Patients provided timber and pine resin for the Japanese Empire. A Japanese shrine was also erected on the island, so everyone had to pray there, regardless of their religion. In particularly, Masasue Suo, the fourth hospital director, was notorious for cruelty like torture or beatings. He even erected a statue modeled after him on a hill to which patients were forced to bow every morning. In the end, his tyranny ended when an outraged patient stabbed him to death. 

▲ patients bowing to the statue of Suo

This is how Korean media tell a history. The information above is not altogether false, but such an approach would be dangerous, because readers may think that all problems were caused by Japanese. Above all, it is problematic that the story rules out the history after the liberation in 1945.

After the liberation, Japanese staff withdrew from the island and the patients started to demand autonomy. The Korean staff, struggling for power, called up nation’s police to put them down. It led to a slaughter of about one hundred patients. After that, the corpses were even burnt with pine resin that patients had collected during the Japanese ruling. This incident had been silent before it was officially memorialized when the remains were excavated in 2001. 

▲ The history concerning the slaughter of 1945 engraved on the monument is not lucid.

Except for this slaughter, more cases like the incident of Bitory island[3] and Oma island[4] have been reported but soon forgotten from people’s minds. The prejudice and misunderstanding against lepers are believed to be the main factor of a series of the persecution has happened to them.[5]

In East Asia, lepers were originally not the object of quarantine, and neither they were in Japan.[6] The idea of confining lepers to a specific space was introduced to the East Asia along with the trade with Western powers. Western people regarded leprosy as a nemesis of oneself based on a biblical worldview. The Japanese Empire, mimicking western powers running many colonies all around the world, accepted the new concept of ‘sanitation’ as a meaning of civilization and modernization. For these reasons, Japanese Empire legislated for domestic segregation of lepers in 1907, which had influenced on Japan until 1996. Additionally, Japanese policy towards leprosy patients was based on Eugenics which had broadly implemented in western countries from 1910s to 1930s. Eugenic saw the lepers as the object of eradication, therefore compulsory sterilization and abortion were justified. While the scientific reputation of eugenics started to decline in the 1930s, it became more brutal in Japan and its colonies. The reason must be World War II which was intensified throughout early 1940s, and it brought in the forced closure of hospitals that western missionaries had operated in Korea by Japan. Also, Sorok leper colony turned into kind of a penal colony where autonomously leave and escape was not allowed.

What is interesting is that prejudice and persecution against leprosy patients had lasted in Korea and Japan until quite recently, despite the recommendation of WHO proposing the outpatient treatment in the early 1960s. In Japan, the incriminate quarantine policy was abolished in 1996, and many patients sued the government for compensation and they won it in 2001. On the other hand, Korea abolished it in 1963 due to financial difficulties, but patients have not been compensated by the government. Act on Fact-Finding of Incidents Related to Patients of Hansen’s Disease and Support for Living of Victims was implemented in 2008, but actual compensation has not been conducted yet.

I shall finish with a recondite story of Zhenkichi Hanai who was the hospital director of Sorok island during the 1920s. He was admired for increasing autonomy of the patients by granting freedom of religion and living style and imposed reasonable amounts of labor on them. After he died, patients built a stone monument for him. During a period of eliminating the remnants of the Japanese imperialism, the patients hid the monument underground and later placed it in its original spot.

▲ the stone monument for Dr.Hanai

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[1]Primary sources of this article are :

Junko Nakagawa, “The One Study of Hansen’s Disease in Japan” Kukmin University, 2009.

National Sorok island hospital, The 80 year-history of Sorok Island : 1916~1996, 1996.

Korean Leprosy Institute, The History of Leprosy in Korea, 1988.

[2]Wang-gu Lee, “The Japanese Empire’s Tyranny Left in a Prison Built by Forced Labor of Lepers”, HangukIlbo, March 29, 2010, Culture Section, Online edition, (http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/201003/h2010032922404786330.htm);

Jong-chan Oh, “Confinement and Sterilization of the Patients of Hansen’s Disease…Learning Pains of Sorok Island”, Joonang Daily, November 14, 2012, Society Section, Online edition. (http://article.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=9879299&cloc=olink%7Carticle%7Cdefault)

[3] An incident that local residents slaughtered the patients who tried to cultivate Bitori Island in 1957. The exact number of victims has yet to be reported.

[4] Although patients of Sorok island reclaimed Oma island to build new settlements from 1962 to 1965, the government didn’t grant the land to the patients but to local residents.

[5] The false belief of the rumor that eating a child cures leprosy can be seen in the media reports of disappearance of five children in 1992.

[6] For example, according to historical documents, the Joseon Dynasty made every effort to cure lepers. Also, In Japan, it was not strange to see many lepers begging for money at temples and shrines or wherever people gathered.

Sunchon National University Museum(국립순천대학교박물관)

순천대학교 박물관

Sunchon National University Museum

The museum was established in 1987 as the first museum of the eastern Jeolla province.

There are many exhibit halls and its collection is specialized in the ancient period of Korea(before the 10th century)

this museum is the best place to learn about the eastern Jeolla province, which has different culture with that of the western Jeolla. but the culture of the eastern Jeolla has a similarity with Gyeongsang province which located right next to it. 

<검단산성>

In particular, a hall dedicated to Geomdan fortress of Sunchon (순천 검단산성 順天 劍丹山城)is important to the Baekje's history

the stone fortress was built during the sixth century by the Baekje kingdom. 

through excavation, people unearthed a lot of remains and relics from the fortress.

as a result, it was designated as a historical site of Korea in 1999 

the photo is a replica of a large well, found in the fortress.

it is 890 cm in length, 480 cm in width

a wooden dipper intact was also unearthed.

This coiled earthenware bottle was also excavated from the fortress. 

<고인돌>

the following picture shows understructures of dolmen

In Korean dolmens, stone daggers were often found

putting a dagger in the grave is believed to have a ritual purpose driving evil spirit off from the grave.

two people praying in front of a huge stone dagger were carved on Orimdong dolmen of Yeosu, which shows ancient people's belief toward the stone dagger.

<가야 토기>
The museum also houses a lot of earthenware potteries dating to the Gaya period

Eventhough the eastern Jeolla currently belongs to Jeolla province of Korea,
as I mentioned above, it has a close correlation with the south-east area of Korea, the South Gyeongsang. this area was ruled by Gaya before the fifth or sixth century

two pottery  in the picture above were chamberpots of Baekje men

<마로산성>

Maro fortress is located in Gwangyang

it is believed that it had been used from the sixth century to the 10th century. 

remains of collecting wells of Maro fortress

what drew my attention was these earthen horses.

they were found in the ritual site of Maro fortress.

interesting thing was that the horse didn't have their head which means they were decapitated.

but the horses on display have their head because the museum assemble them back again.

decapitating a horse conducted when people held rites as a sacrifice.

Sunchon University Museum 

http://museum.sunchon.ac.kr

The Road of Chusa Kim Jeonghee (Jeju)

Jeju Island, Korea (May 6, 2013)

Jeju Island, well-known scenic spot of Korea, is also a place having memories of Chusa(Kim Jeonghee 1786-1856)

Chusa was a Confucian scholar and artist of the Joseon Dynasty. 

He was a member of royal family, and was bright since he was a child.

He could also travel Qing China as the dependant of diplomat when he was young. 

this experience had influenced throughout his life and his art work. 

but he was exiled to Jeju island far away from Seoul by false charges at his 55.

Recently, Jeju established the historical road follwing the life of Chusa, named "Chusa Yubaekil(추사 유배길)"

Chusa Yubaekil is consist of three roads;

the Road of Meditation(사색의 길)

the Road of Connection(인연의 길)

the Road of Tenacity(집념의 길)

#. The Road of Meditation 

 The Road of Meditation starts at Andeok Valley and reaches to Sanbangsan Mountain.

Andeok Valley is very interesting to me because valleys are rarely found in Jeju Island. 

▲ A shelter prehistoric in which inhabitants had lived

the valley is not that long to look around but it has primitive nature intact

I could enjoy feelings as if the time stand still 

I would like to strongly recommend the Andeok Valley for the experience of nature's wonder 

even though it had a bad transportation

After looking around the valley, I tried to go to Mt.Sanbangsan on foot

but I gave up since there were just few direction boards to the mountain, 

and the road was no longer fascinating to me as the Andeok Valley ended

 so I took a bus directly bound for Mt.Sanbangsan

# Mt.Sanbangsan

Mt.Sanbang is 395m in height not that high

but its unique appearance attracts visitors' attentions.

In fact, it has an interesting legend related to its unique appearance. 

Jeju island, a volcanic island, has Mt.Halla with a huge crater in the center. 

the legend says that Mt.Sanbangsan was the top of the Mt.Halla. 

Sanbanggulsa Grotto 

there is a Buddha statue made of stone.

detail-oriented visitors can find several poems and letters on the wall, which are presenting its long history.

the grotto has also an intriguing legend, which says that

water drops falling out from the ceiling of the cave is the tear drops of gaddess named Sanbangdeok

visitors can taste the water

# Daejeong Confucian School

Daejeong Confucian School is the starting point of the Road of Tenacity

Jeju had not been much influenced by Confucianism as much as the mainland of the mainland

So visiting there also gave me a different pleasure

# Daejeong Village

Daejeong Village is an old village with lots of historical sites and heritage

In the Joseon period, there was a goverment office ruling the western area of Jeju

Dol Harubang, man-shaped stone statue, is the symbol of Jeju

especially, Dol Harubangs of Daejeong Village are believed to be the oldest ones

# Mrs.Jeong Nanjoo Maria's grave

Jeong Nanjoo was a daughter of Jeong yakhyeon who was an older brother of Jeong yakyong. 

the Jeongs was an intellectual family of the late Joseon Dynasty, but they were repressed by the king's maternal relatives, for being catholic converts.

Jeong Nanjoo Maria was exiled to Jeju in the wake of the execution of her husband, Hwang Sayeong, who was another convert.

While heading to Jeju from Seoul, she left her baby boy at Chuja Island

since she was afraid that her boy would be harmed.

the descendants of the baby boy are told to be still living in the island 

Jeong Maria was the first Catholic convert who lived in Jeju. 

Korean Catholic currently preserves this area as a holy place.

after looking around the maria's grave located outside of Daejeong village,

 I rode a bicycle back to the village

On the way to the village, I ran into a group of monuments of old people.

I would like to introduce one of the stories written on them.

on wedding day, bride lost her husband by a fall from a horse. 

but she had never left the family of the husband, for her whole life, looked after parents in law.

#. Chusa Memorial Museum

Chusa is Kim Jeonghee's pen name who represents the 19th century of Korea.

He made a great contribution in the Confucian arts including calligraphy as well as the research of ancient Korean epigraphs. 

this museum was built on the site where Chusa lived for about nine years since he had been sent into exile on Jeju. 

In this place, he accomplished his own calligraphy, Chusache, and also produced the legendary painting, Sehando.

경주답사 - ①

경주 답사 

2012/03/24-25

1. 손순유허지(孫順 遺墟址)

아침 7시 15분 경 서울을 출발하여 11시 30분에 손순유허지(孫順 遺墟址)에 도착하였다.

손순유허지는 월성에서 7.5km 떨어져 있다. 

삼국유사에 손순이 모량리(牟梁里)사람으로 나타나 있기 때문에

신라 6부 중 하나인 모량부의 위치를 찾는데에도 중요한 유적이다. 

마침 음력 3월 3일이라 사당제가 올려지는 날이어서 경주 손씨들이 모여 제사를 준비하고 있었다.

10월 3일에도 제사가 올려진다고 한다.  

덕분에 사당 내부를 볼 수 있었다. 

사당의 이름은 문효사(文孝祠)라고 한다.

손순은 신라 흥덕왕대(826-836)의 사람으로 집이 가난하자 

어머니의 음식을 먹는 아이를 땅에 묻으려 하다가

돌로 된 종을 발견하고 아이 묻기를 포기하였다. 

그 돌종의 소리를 들은 왕이 그 내막을 전해듣고 감동하여 상을 내렸다. 

이에 손순이 옛 집을 바쳐 절로 만들어 홍효사(弘孝寺)라 하고 돌종을 안치했다고 한다. 

이 내용은 삼국유사 효선9 "손순매아 흥덕왕대(孫順埋兒 興德王代)"에 자세하다.

문효사 건물 옆에는 돌종 모양으로 된 기념비가 있다.

문효사 옆에 따로 유허지비각이 건립되어 있고 안에 비석이 있는데 

이것은 1970년대에 세운 것이다. 

그 이전 19세기 후반 성재 허전이 유허비를 세운바 있으나 파괴되어 없다고 한다. 

손순은 현재 경주 손씨들의 시조로서 존숭되고 있는 모양이다.

그러나 부계의 성을 중시하는 유교적 관념은 고려 이후에 생겨난 것이고, 

더욱이 신라시대에는 성씨관념이 거의 희박했던 것을 감안한다면 

과연 손순의 성이 손씨였는가 하는데는 의문의 여지가 있다. 

마동, 융천사, 충담사 등 삼국유사에 등장하는 인물들의 이름이 실제 이름이라기보다 

그들의 행적과 관련된 것이 많으므로 손순이 실제 이름이라고 보기는 어려울 것 같으며 

특히 손순의 아버지 이름이 학산(鶴山)인 것을 보면, 

손순이 손씨라는 설은  설득력이 없다. 

2. 남사리 북삼층 석탑(南莎里 北三層 石塔)

손순유허지에서 10분 정도 소요되었다.

남사리석탑은 현재 남사 1리 복지회관 바로 앞에 있다. 

건너편에는 남사 저수지가 위치한다. 

이 석탑이 위치한 남사리는 손순의 원래 거주지이자 돌종을 발견한 곳으로 추정되는 곳이다. 

즉 첫번째 답사지였던 경주시 현곡면 소현리의 손순 유허비는 손순이 왕에게서 집을 하사 받은 바로 그곳이며, 그 이전에 손순은 이곳 남사리에 살았다는 것이다. 

이 석탑은 남산 사자사터에서 옮겨왔다고 하므로 

손순과 관계가 있다고는 볼 수 없으나

남사리에 위치한 석탑이라는 이유로 방문하게 되었다. 

1995년에 해체되어 있던 석탑 부재들을 조립하였다고 한다.

3. 용담정(龍潭亭)

남사리 북삼층석탑에서 5분 소요되었다.

동학의 교주였던 최제우(1824-1864)가 이곳에서 수도했다고 하며 

현재는 천도교의 성지가 된 곳이다. 

4. 동국대(경주 캠퍼스) 박물관(12:50~13:15)

신라시대 예술가였던 양지스님과 관련된 석장사지 출토 유물이 전시되어 있다.

5. 점심 (13:25-14:00)

동국대 근처 비빔밥(죽림식당) : 허름하나 내부 넓고, 음식 가격이 매우 싸고 맛있음 

6. 선도산

14:20에 무열왕릉 주차장에 버스를 대고 

서악리 삼층석탑 올라가는 길을 따라 선도산을 올랐다.

15:20에 서악동 마애여래삼존입상에 도착

바라볼 때 가운데 아미타불 왼쪽에 있는 것이 관세음보살이며

오른쪽에 있는 것이 대세지보살이다.

이들 협시 보살은 마치 다른 돌로 만든 후에 아미타불 옆에 세운 것처럼 보인다.

암질이 다르기 때문이다.

입상 옆에 사당이 있고 그 뒤로 들어가면

성모구기(聖母舊基)라는 음각이 있어 

삼국유사에 나오는 선도산 성모와 관련있는 유적이라 여겨지고 있다.

입상은 월성을 바라보는 듯하다

16:35에 서악리 삼층석탑 있는 곳에 도착, 

바로 옆에 진흥왕릉, 진지왕릉, 헌안왕릉, 문성왕릉이 있다. 

그러나 이들 능은 조선 후기에 가서야 비정된 것으로서 

해당 왕의 능이라는 근거는 사실상 취약하다. 

서악리 3층 석탑은 모전 석탑 계열에 속하며

기단부의 특이한 형식이 돋보인다. 

16:50 서악동 고분군 

서악동 고분군에는 태종무열왕릉이 있고 

그것을 증명하는 귀부가 있다. 

그러나 비석 몸돌이 없다는 아쉬움이 있다. 

그럼에도 불구하고 조각 수법이 매우 세련되고 웅장하다. 

길 하나를 건너면 김양, 김인문의 묘가 있다. 

 

김인문(金仁問 629-694) 묘비 귀부도 남아있다. 

이것이 김인문의 귀부라는 것을 알게 된 것은 

서악서원에서 발견된 김인문 묘비가 이 귀부와 딱 맞기 때문이라고 한다.